Shield Product Development in a Distributed Team

SHIELD: PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT IN A DISTRIBUTED TEAM (Case study No: 06/2005-5285) Assignment Case Study Executive MBA March 2009 ï ¿ ½ TABLE OF CONTENTS 1EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ï ¿ ½ 2INTRODUCTION ï ¿ ½ 2MANAGING GLOBAL COMPLEXITY IN THE DRM SOFTWARE INDUSTRY ï ¿ ½ 3Multiplicity ï ¿ ½ 3Interdependence ï ¿ ½ 3Ambiguity ï ¿ ½ 3Flux and Speed ï ¿ ½ 3THE CULTURES OF INFOTECH AND PROFESSIONAL ï ¿ ½ 3Organisational Culture ï ¿ ½ 5Culture Model - Gofee and Jones ï ¿ ½ 6Team Motivation ï ¿ ½ 7PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT ï ¿ ½ 7Goal-setting Theory ï ¿ ½ 8Performance Management Analysis ï ¿ ½ 12BIBLIOGRAPHY ï ¿ ½ 13APPENDIX ï ¿ ½ 13Appendix A: Complexity ï ¿ ½ 14Appendix B: Macro Environment (PEST) of the DRM Industry ï ¿ ½ 15Appendix C: Geert Hofstede 5D model for India and USA ï ¿ ½ 16Appendix D: Herzberg†¦show more content†¦The purpose of this report is to investigate the team cultures and performance management factors that have lead to the creation of this situation and to provide solutions; to resolve the issues on the Shield Project and for future Infotech projects. In undertaking this report the macro and micro cultures of the industry and organisations have been reviewed, however research material was limited to the Instead case study (Selhat, 2005). MANAGING GLOBAL COMPLEXITY IN THE DRM SOFTWARE INDUSTRY The very nature of increasing globalisation within an industry causes a decrease in predictability and increases complexity. The management of complexity is a goal for a successful manager and requires not only using traditional organisational processes of an organisations design, detailed lists of assets and financial projections but it requires an organisation collaborating, discovering, architecting, and systems thinking (Lane, 2006, p4); this is often a new way of thinking for managers. There are five conditions which are in a constant state of change: Multiplicity, Interdependence, Ambiguity, Flux and Speed; which are indicators of the Macro level of complexity have been examined in Appendix A. Intertwined with the conditions are external drivers that influence the global DRM software industry, these can be identified using a PESTShow MoreRelatedEssay on Orion Shield Project5524 Words   |  23 Pages1 Running Head: CASE STUDY ANALYSIS OF THE ORION SHIELD PROJECT Case Study Analysis of the Orion Shield Project Mark H. Komori University of Maryland University College M. Komori- Orion Shield Project 2 Table of Contents Executive Summary †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 Section One: Technical Issues †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 1.0 Project Integration Management †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 2.0 Project Scope Management †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 4 3.0Read MoreA Case Study of Activity Based Costing6470 Words   |  26 Pagesaccounting techniques in healthcare settings. 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The Issues Of Canadian Women - 921 Words

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Conference On Oriented Business Management â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Conference On Oriented Business Management? Answer: Introduction The aim of this report is to provide a brief overview about project methodology for discussing continuous professional development and allocation of responsibilities. The project management outcomes are discussed in this report so that in life cycle state, the project can be managed (Boud, Cohen and Sampson 2014). Project management principles and concepts are emphasized with reflected different domain implications. Evolution of project management methodology The project management methodologies are evolved within different service and business sectors. The management and methodology involved several specifications, cost, and change management throughout project management life cycle (Golini, Kalchschmidt and Landoni 2015). The project management methodology is based on phases and life cycle. The evolution of project management methodology is gradually continued with different approaches and proper application of project management tools and techniques (Polonsky and Waller 2014). The approaches are mentioned with all aspects of time, quality, and workforce management; Traditional Project Management Life Cycle: Traditional project management life cycle is based on waterfall model (Wilson 2014). The life cycle is dependent on different stages of development such as requirement analysis, requirement elicitation, gathering, development, and execution of stages. Iterative Project Management Life Cycle: Iterative project life cycle involved the iteration of stages over the entire project management life cycle (Karaman and Kurt 2015). Incremental Project Management Life Cycle: Incremental project life cycle is quite similar to iterative project management life cycle (Ng and Coakes 2013). However, incremental project management life cycle involves intermediate product or model of deliverable (Kerzner 2017). Adaptive Project Management Life Cycle: The adaptive project management life cycle considers the major outcomes and adapts them into next stage of development. Project management Practice, Frameworks and Standards In this project, the project management practice is initialized with outlining the project with document as project charter and project feasibility report. The feasibility report states whether the project can be feasible for implementation or not. Project scope statement identifies the activities that should be accomplished by the end of project charter with critical success factors (Kononenko, Aghaee and Lutsenko 2016). Project Scope Review statement identifies about major project scope, project boundaries, limitations, revision of scope as well. The revision of scope statement is another major strategy for determining the way to understand the project success factors (Parker et al. 2013). The scope statement can determine the project charter whether it can bring success in completion of project or not. The project documentation and work breakdown structure of the project can decide how the business could be segmented under different parts that could be of use for completing the project within stipulated timeline (Nicholas and Steyn 2017). The work breakdown structure can be used for allocating the tasks and activities to other people with similar terms and time along with individual responsibilities (Schwalbe 2015). The improvement of provided services can be performed taking suggestions from the customers, consumers, and the people who avail the services within the organization service process. The services put the organizational structure aligned with developing proper workforce and relevant learning process to achieve the project requirements. Prince2 Project Methodology Project management methodology Prince2 is known as set of methods for providing structured with several responsibilities for properly defined activities. The project management team requires communicating with each other alongside the organizational activities (Singh and Lano 2014). Prince2 methodology involves project with proper preparation and completion within assigned time with controlled manner (Razavi, Padash and Nesbati 2017). The major benefits of project management methodology are that this management process makes the outcomes more predictable, along with proper utilization of best work process with standardizing project management aspects. The aspects were considered for making sure that gap of communication should not make hindrance between the activities (Svejvig and Andersen 2015). The project methodology meets the requirement of the client along with stating the scopes and activities. Besides, Pirnce2 benefits, the methodology have some major problems and issues that are common to leadership and organization liability for introducing to prince2 methodology (Jeston and Nelis 2014). The project management methodology can introduce more specialist aspects for completion such as change management, detailed discussion on procurement and others (Verma, Bansal and Pandey 2014). The project management documentation generally takes more time rather the following of prince2 methodology in any project. As per prince2 methodology, individual process of the projects can have support from the continued business process so that the activities are justified in the project life cycle. The justifications are based on the organizational aspects (Yao 2016). The feasibility report states whether the project can be feasible for implementation or not. Project scope statement identifies the activities that should be accomplished by the end of project charter with critical success factors. Project scope review statement identifies about major project scope, project boundaries, limitations, revision of scope as well (Culha and Dogru 2014). The revision of scope statement is another major strategy for determining the way to understand the project success factors. The scope statement can determine the project charter whether it can bring success in completion of project or not. The work breakdown structure can be used for allocating the tasks and activities to other people with similar terms and time along with individual responsibilities (Sekaran and Bougie 2016). The improvement of provided services can be performed taking suggestions from the customers, consumers, and the people who avail the services within the organization service process (Jain and Joshi 2016). The services put the organizational structure aligned with developing proper workforce and relevant learning process to achieve the project requirements. Conclusion Prince2 methodology involves project with proper preparation and completion within assigned time with controlled manner. The major benefits of project management methodology are that this management process makes the outcomes more predictable, along with proper utilization of best work process with standardizing project management aspects. The aspects were considered for making sure that gap of communication should not make hindrance between the activities. The project methodology meets the requirement of the client along with stating the scopes and activities. The project management methodology can introduce more specialist aspects for completion such as change management, detailed discussion on procurement and others. The project management documentation generally takes more time rather the following of prince2 methodology in any project. References Boud, D., Cohen, R. and Sampson, J. eds., 2014.Peer learning in higher education: Learning from and with each other. Routledge. Golini, R., Kalchschmidt, M. and Landoni, P., 2015. Adoption of project management practices: the impact on international development projects of non-governmental organizations.International Journal of Project Management,33(3), pp.650-663. Karaman, E. and Kurt, M., 2015. Comparison of project management methodologies: prince 2 versus PMBOK for it projects.Int. Journal of Applied Sciences and Engineering Research,4(5), pp.657-664. Kerzner, H., 2017.Project management metrics, KPIs, and dashboards: a guide to measuring and monitoring project performance. John Wiley Sons. Kononenko, I., Aghaee, A. and Lutsenko, S., 2016. Application of the project management methodology synthesis method with fuzzy input data.Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies,2(3 (80)), pp.32-39. Parker, D., Charlton, J., Ribeiro, A. and D. Pathak, R., 2013. Integration of project-based management and change management: Intervention methodology.International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management,62(5), pp.534-544. Schwalbe, K., 2015.Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Singh, R. and Lano, K., 2014. Literature Survey of previous research work in Models and Methodologies in Project Management.International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,5(9), pp.107-122. Svejvig, P. and Andersen, P., 2015. Rethinking project management: A structured literature review with a critical look at the brave new world.International Journal of Project Management,33(2), pp.278-290. Verma, J., Bansal, S. and Pandey, H., 2014. Develop Framework for Selecting Best Software Development Methodology.International Journal of Scientific Engineering Research,5(4). Yao, Y.A.O., 2016. The Rational and Behavioral View in Project Management.DEStech Transactions on Social Science, financial and Human Science, (icss). Nicholas, J.M. and Steyn, H., 2017.Project management for engineering, business and technology. Taylor Francis. Wilson, J., 2014.Essentials of business research: A guide to doing your research project. Sage. Polonsky, M.J. and Waller, D.S., 2014.Designing and managing a research project: A business student's guide. Sage publications. Ng, W. and Coakes, E., 2013.Business Research: Enjoy Creating, Developing and Writing Your Business Project. Kogan Page Publishers. Jeston, J. and Nelis, J., 2014.Business process management. Routledge. Sekaran, U. and Bougie, R., 2016.Research methods for business: A skill building approach. John Wiley Sons. Razavi, S.M., Padash, H. and Nesbati, A.N., 2017. The Role of Business Regulations in Economic Growth. InIranian Entrepreneurship(pp. 41-53). Springer International Publishing. Culha, D. and Dogru, A., 2014, April. Towards an agile methodology for business process development. InInternational Conference on Subject-Oriented Business Process Management(pp. 133-142). Springer, Cham. Jain, S. and Joshi, H., 2016, September. Impact of early testing on cost, reliability and release time. InReliability, Infocom Technologies and Optimization (Trends and Future Directions)(ICRITO), 2016 5th International Conference on(pp. 318-322). IEEE.

Working Capital Management Essay Example

Working Capital Management Essay Introduction of study In the present competitive world, every firm, whether big, medium of small, needs working capital to carry on its operations and to achieve its targets. Proper management of working capital is an important role of firm’s life. Working capital is essential to maintain the smooth running of business. No business can run successfully without an adequate amount of working capital. Inadequacy of working capital may lead the firm to insolvency and excessive working capital implies idle funds, which earns no profits for business. Working capital management policies of a firm have a great effect on its profitability, liquidity and structural health of the firm. A well-designed and implemented working capital management is expected to contribute positively to creation of firm’s value profitability. A firm is required to maintain a balance between liquidity and profitability while conducting its day-to day operations. Liquidity is a pre condition to ensure that firms are able to meets its short-term obligations and its continued flow can be guaranteed from a profitable venture. The importance of cash as an indicator of continuing financial health should not be surprising in view of its crucial role with in the business. This requires that business must be run profitability. Profit maximization is generally considered important objective of a business. Profit is also used as a tool for evaluating the performance of management. Profitability directly influences the creation of surpluses. Therefore, Management of working capital is one of the most important aspects of firm’s profitability. We will write a custom essay sample on Working Capital Management specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Working Capital Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Working Capital Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Analyzing the financial statement of the firm helps to make proper decisions about the strengths and weakness of the firm’s operations. These statements are useful in analysis of the profitability of the company by analyzing each individual element to the total figure of the statement. The statements will also assist in analyzing the profitability of the years and with the figures of the competitive firm in the industry for making analysis of relative efficiency. In sri-lanka, selected all listed companies are divided as the sectors by Colombo stock exchange. Here researcher considers Impact of working capital management on profitability of the five firms in trading industry in listed companies and do research based on the five years data between the 2003-2007 1. 2. Research problem Research problem is focused in this research as follows. 1. Does the working capital management impact on profitability of trading firms in sri-lanka? 2 Are the current assets, current liabilities, working capital, current ratio, liquidity ratio, efficieny ratio of selected Trading firms near to the industry average? 1. 3. Objective of the study The focus of this study is Impact of working capital management on profitability of the trading industry in listed companies in srilanka . The basic objective of the study is. †¢ Assess the relationship between working capital and financial performance. Sub objectives are †¢ Identify the need and importance of working capital †¢ To analyze the financial position of trading firms 1. 4. Significance of the study This study will help to know how to impact on working capital on profitability of selected Trading firms. This study also helps to estimate the working capital decisions on the companies’ profitability. Therefore, to estimate profitability, financial, and effectiveness of firm and find out the weakness of the firm. This research will help to know profitability and compare with competitive firms. It is important to improve the competitiveness and liquidity of the trading sector in order to enhance its efficiency. As well as, this study will create the further research question for further investigation in future. The fast growing but large company also makes use of current liability financing. For these reasons, the financial manger and staff devote a considerable portion of their time to working capital matters. Thus, working capital management of selected trading firms is most important. 1. 5. Chapter outline Chapter one includes background of the study, research problem, objective, significance, chapter outline of the study The second chapter consists of the detailed literature survey of the study. Literature survey of the study describes concepts of working capital, need for working capital, operating cycle concept, permanent and variable working capital, factors determining working capital, excess and inadequate working capital, ratio analysis, overtrading The third chapter is allocated to discuss the methodology and conceptualization of the study in detail. That is research problem will be conceptualized based on the literature review. Hypotheses are formulated according to the conceptual model and literature review. Next operationlalization, data collection techniques and method of analyzing impact of working capital management on the profitability of trading firms. The fourth chapter presents survey data presentation, which gathered through secondary data from annual report published by trading firms. Then data analyses are made by correlation analysis, regression analysis. These data are presented by using tables. The fifth chapter will discuss the findings of the research based on the presented and analyzed data. The, hypothesis will be tested. Finally, it indicates conclusion and suggestion for further research. CHAPTER-02 LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 0 Introduction In this chapter, the discussion is focused up on the existing literature that describes what is already identified the concepts and theories about the research problem and already carried out the research findings about working capital management and financial performance. 2. 1 Review of theoretical concept 2. 1. 1 Meaning of working capital Every Business needs funds for two purposes- for its establishment and to carry out its day – to- day operations. Long – term funds are required to create production facilities through purchase of fixed assets such as plant and machinery etc. Funds are also needed for short – term purpose for the purchase of raw materials, payment of wages and other day – today expenses etc. These funds are known as working capital. In simple words, working capital refers to the part of the firm’s capital which is required for financing short term or current assets such as cash, marketable securities, debtors and inventories. In the words of shubin, â€Å"working capital is the amount of funds necessary to cover the cost of operating enterprise† According to Genestenberg, â€Å"circulating capital means current assets of a company that are changed in the ordinary course of business from one from to another, as for example, from cash to inventories, inventories to receivables, receivables into cash. † (Shashi K. Gupta, Neeti Gupta 2005P. 6. 1) 2. 1. 2 Concepts of Working capital Management The concept of working capital has been a matter of great controversy among the financial wizards. Different views on working capital can be classified into two groups, 1. Gross working capital According to this concept, working capital refers to the sum of all currents assets of the enterprise employed in business process. This is a going concern concept, since the financial manager is highly concerned with the management of assets with a 2. Net working capital This concept represents excess of current assets over current liabilities. It is also that portion of a firm’s current assets which is financed by long-term funds. Net working capital = current assets- current liabilities (I. M PANDY 1999 p807-808) 2. 1. 3 Kinds of working capital Working capital can be classified into two categories on the basis of time, 1. Permanent or Fixed working capital Permanent working capital represents current assets required on a continuous basis over the entire year. A manufacturing enterprise has to carry irreducible minimum amount of inventories necessary to ensure uninterrupted production and sales. Likewise, some amount of funds remain tied in receivable when the firm sells goods on credit items. Some amount of cash has also to be held by the firm so as to exploit business opportunities, meet operational requirements and to provide insurance against business fluctuations. Thus minimum amount of current assets which the firm has to hold for all time to come to carry an operation at any time is termed as permanent or regular working capital. Permanent working capital has the following characteristics. 2. Temporary or Variable working capital It represents the additional assets, which are required at different times during the operating year additional inventory, extra cash. It is temporarily invested in current assets and possesses the following characteristics. Y Temporary working capital Permanent working capital X Time Fig-1:-permanent and temporary working capital From fig-1, it is clear that the need for regular working capital remains the same for whole the year, where as variable working capital needs are some times high and some times low. In a going concern, the need for working capital goes on rising because of increase in the level of business activities. It is presented in figure-2 Y [pic]X Time Fig-2:-permanent and temporary working capital 2. 1. 4 Operating Cycle Funds, thus, invested in current assets keep revolving fast and are being constantly converted into cash and this cash flows out again in exchange for other current assets. Hence it is also known as revolving capital. The circular flow concept of working capital is based upon this operating or working capital cycle of a firm. The cycle starts with the purchase of raw material and other resources and ends with the realisation of cash from the sale of finished goods. It involves purchase of raw material , its conversion into stock of finished good through work-in-progress with progressive increasement of labour and service costs, conversion of finished stock into, debtors and receivables and ultimately realitisation of cash and this cycle continues again form cash to purchase of raw material and soon. The speed / time duration required to complete one cycle determines the requirements of working capital- longer the period of cycle, larger is the requirement of working capital. Operating cycle of manufacturing firm Source: I. M. PANDEY, 1999, P 810 2. . 5 Importance of operating cycle The application of operating cycle concept is mainly useful to ascertain the requirement of cash working capital to meet the operating expenses of a going concern. This concept is based on the continuity of the follow of values in a business operation. This value usually in a going concern. Centre, mainly around the operational activities of a business in any period. This is an importance concept because the longer the operating cycle, there more working capital funds the firms needs. The management must ensure that this cycle does not become too long. Thus oncept more precisely measures the working capital fund requirements, traces its changes and determinants the optimum level of working capital requirements. [TAXMANN 2003, P 654] 2. 1. 6 Factors determining the working capital requirements. The working capital requirements of a concern depend upon a large number of factors such as nature and size of business, the character of their operations, the length of production cycles, the rate of stock turnover and state of economic situation,. It is not possible to rank them because all such factors are of different importance and the influence of individual factors changes for a firm over time. However, the following are important factors generally influencing the working capital requirements. 1. Nature or Character of business. The working capital requirements of a firm basically depend upon the nature of its business. Public utility undertakings like electricity, water supply and railways need very limited working capital because the offer cash sales only and supply services, not products as such no funds are tied up in inventories and receivables. On the other hand, trading and financial firms require less investment in fixed assets but have to invest large amounts in current assets like inventories, receivables and cash. The manufacturing undertaking also requires sizable working capital along with fixed investments. 2. Size of business or Scale of operations The working capital requirements of a concern are directly influenced by the size of its business, which may be measured in terms of scale of operations. Greater the size of a business unit, generally larger will be the requirements of working capital. However, in some cases even a smaller concern may need more working capital due to high overhead charges, inefficient use of available resources and other economic disadvantage of mall size. 3. Production policy In certain industries, the demand is subject to wide fluctuations due to seasonal variations. The requirements of working capital, in such cases, depend upon the production policy. The production could be kept either steady by accumulating inventories during slack periods with a view to meet high demand during the peak season. If the policy is to keep production steady by accumulating inve ntories it will require higher working capital. 4. Manufacturing Process or Length of production Cycle. In manufacturing business, the requirements of working capital increase in direct proportion to length of manufacturing process. Longer the process period of manufacture, larger is the amount of working capital required. The longer the manufacturing time, the raw materials and other supplies have to be carried for a longer period in the process with progressive increment of labour and services cots before the finished product is finally obtained. Therefore, if there are alternative processes of production, the process with the shortest production period should be chosen. . Working capital Cycle. In a manufacturing concern, the working capital cycle starts with the purchase of raw material and ends with the realization of cash from the sale of finished products. This cycle involves purchase of raw material and stores, its conversion into stocks of finished goods through work-in-progress with progressive increment of labour and service costs, conversion of finished stock into sales, de btors and receivables and ultimately realization of cash and this cycle continues again from cash to purchase of raw material and so on. 6. Credit policy The credit policy of a concern in its dealings with debtors and creditors influence considerably the requirements of working capital. A concern that purchases its requirements on credit and sells its products or services on cash requires lesser amount of working capital. On the other hand a concern buying its requirements for cash and allowing credit to its customers, shall need larger amount of working capital as very huge amount of funds are bound to be tied up in debtors. 7. Rate of growth of business. The working capital requirements of a concern increase with the growth and expansion of its business activities. Although, it is difficult to determine the relationship between the growth in the volume business and the growth in the working capital of a business, yet it may be concluded that for normal rate of expansion in the volume of business, We may have retained profits to provide for more working capital but in fast growing concerns, We shall require larger amount of working capital. 8. Earning capacity and Dividend policy. Some firms have more earning capacity than others due to quality of their products, Monopoly conditions etc. Such firms with high earning capacity may generate cash profits from operations and contribute to their working capital. The dividend policy of a concern also influences the requirements of its working capital. A firm that maintains a steady high rate of cash dividend irrespective of its generation of profits needs more working capital than the firm that retains larger part of its profits and does not pay so high rate of cash dividend. 9. Price Level Changes. Changes in the price level also affect the working capital requirements. Generally, the rising prices will require the firm to maintain larger amount of working capital as more funds will be required to maintain the same current assets. The effect of rising prices may be different for different firms. Some firms may be affected much while some others may not be affected at all by the rise in prices. 10. Other factor. Certain other factors such as operating efficiency management ability, irregularities of supply, import policy, asset structure, importance of labour, banking facilities, etc also influence the requirements of working capital. . 1. 7 Excess and inadequate working capital Business should maintain sound position of working capital. The amount of working capital should neither be too excessive, nor too much inadequate. The working capital in excess of the requirement will reduce profitability as the funds will remain unutilized. Controrily, if the amount of working capital is less that what it is required, the production process may be hampered. It will reduce the sales and consequently the profitability of the business will be adversely affected. 2. 1. 8 Management of working capital Management of working capital therefore, is concerned with the problems that arise in attempting to manage the current assets, the current liabilities and the inter- relationship that exists between them. In other words it refers to all aspects of administration of both current assets and current liabilities . Working capital management (WCM) is the management of short-term financing requirements of a firm. This includes maintaining optimum balance of working capital components – receivables, inventory and payables – and using the cash efficiently for day-to-day operations. Optimization of working capital balance means minimizing the working capital requirements and realizing maximum possible revenues. Efficient WCM increases firms’ free cash flow, which in turn increases the firms’ growth opportunities and return to shareholders. Even though firms traditionally are focused on long term capital budgeting and capital structure, the recent trend is that many companies across different industries focus on WCM efficiency. The basic goal of working capital management is to manage the current assets and current liabilities of a firm in such a way that a satisfactory level of working capital is maintained. Working capital management policies of a firm have a great effect on its profitability, liquidity and structural health of the organization. In this context, working capital management is three dimensional in nature: (1) Dimension I is concerned with the formulation of policies with regard to profitability, risk and liquidity. (2) Dimension II is concerned with the decisions about the composition and level of current assets. (3) Dimension III is concerned with the decision about the composition and level of current liabilities. (Shashi K. Gupta, Neeti Gupta 2005 P. 6. 12) 2. 1. 9 Previous research findings on working capital Management. The study of Grablowsky [1976] and others showed a significant relationship between various success measures and the employment of formal working capital policies and procedures. Walker and Petty [1978], Deakins et al [2001] said that managing cash flow and conversion cycle is a critical component of overall financial management for all firms, especially those who are capital contrained and more reliant on short term sources of finance. Carpenter and Johnson [1983] provided that there is no linear relationship between the level of current assets and revenue systematic risk of US firms. Pinches 1991, Brigham and Ehrhardt 2004, Moyer et. al. 2005, Gitman2005). Said that , there is a long debate on the risk/return tradeoff between different working capital policies. For the first time, Soenen [1993] indicated that a negative correlation between the length of net trade cycle and return on assets. Lamberson [1995] said that the most of the financial managers’ time and efforts are allocated in optimizing the level of current assets and current liabilities back towards optimal levels. Jarvis et al [1996] concluded that the success of a firm depends ultimately, on its ability to generate cash receipts in excess of disbursements. The cash flow problems of many small businesses are exacerbated by poor financial management and in particular the lack of planning cash requirements. Pandy I M Perera K L W [1997] suggested that The managing director plays a major role in formulating formal or informal policy. Company size has an influence on the overall working capital policy (formal or informal) and approach (conservative, moderate or aggressive) Finance manager is the responsible for managing working and review period. capital components. Stretching of credit payment and ageing schedule are the primary tools of managing disbursement float and controlling debtors respectively. Material requirement planning (MRP) and perpetual inventory control (PIC) system are key techniques of inventory management. Company profitability and working capital policy influence the payable management and working capital finance respectively. Most of the companies take cash discounts, but their annual cost of working capital funds is high that ranges between Current and cash budget are major techniques of working capital, 15-20%. planning and control. Company profitability has an influence on the methods of working capital planning and control. Companies sometimes consider working capital changes when they evaluate capital budgeting. Most of the companies in this study use bank interest rate as a hurdle rate for evaluating the working a comparison of the working capital practices of the Sri Capital changes. Lankan companies with the USA companies reveals a lot for similarities. The basic difference is in terms of the use of computerized system and the opportunity to invest surplus cash in the money market instruments. Herbert J. Weinraub and Sue Visscher [1998] found that there is a high and significant negative correlation between industry asset and liability policies. Relatively aggressive working capital asset management seems balanced by relatively conservative working capital financial management. The study undertaken by Peel et al [2000] revealed that small firms tend to have a relatively high proportion of current assets, less liquidity, exhibit volatite cash flows, and a high reliance on short-term debt. Jain and Kumar (1999) examined and compared that current liability management practices of select companies in India and South-East Asia. Accounts payable, and short-term loans and advances, were found to be the two major ingredients of total current liabilities. Further, the majority of the sample companies in India and SEA indicated that suppliers offered cash discount facility for prompt payment. Most of the sample companies from India, Singapore and Malaysia did not seem to use any ‘manual’ for working capital management The length of operating cycle had been stated as the basis of working capital determination in India, while, percentage of budgeted production/sales had been ranked as the primary basis in Singapore and Malaysia for that purpose. They also revealed that the majority of the sample companies in India, Singapore and Malaysia had experienced occasional shortage as well as surplus of working capital. Jain and Yadav (2000) conducted an empirical study on the comparative current assets management practices of corporate enterprises in India, Singapore and Thailand. It was found that the vast majority of the sample companies in India as well as Singapore and Thailand had singled out bank overdraft/cash credit as the major source of dealing with cash deficit situations. The survey also found the multiple ways in which surplus cash was used by the corporate firms from the sample countries. Indian corporate firms followed the practice of deploying excess cash primarily by investing in short-term marketable securities, retiring short-term debt and making deposits with bank for short period. Whereas, deposit with bank and retiring short-term debts were the preferred outlets for Singapore corporate enterprises and Thai firms. Most of the corporate firms in India generally offered cash discount facility to debtors, while their counterparts from Singapore and Thailand (all) did not follow the policy of offering discount to their debtors. Two-thirds of corporate firms in India charged penal interest on overdues, whereas majority of the firms both in Singapore and Thailand did not charge any penal interest on overdue accounts. William Muffee Visemith [2001] said that Cameroon Development Corporation (CDC) is a very large corporation and working capital problems are very likely The study found that CDC has acute working capital problems resulting in losses These problems stem from poor working capital management approaches employed over the years. Every organization must seek a point of balance in its working capital in order to avoid a loss-making situation. Dr. Santanu Kr. Ghosh, Santi Gopal Maji [2002] indicated that the Indian Cement Industry as a whole did not perform remarkably well during this period Filbeck and Krueger [2005] highlighted that the importance of efficient working capital management by analyzing the working capital policies of financial industries in USA. According to their findings, working capital practices were significantly different overtime within the industries. Similar studies are conducted by Gombola and Ketz [1983] Soenen [1993] Max well et al [1998] and Long et al[1993]. Filbeck and Krueger [2005] said that business success heavily depends on the ability of financial executives to effectively manage receivables, inventory and payables. Md. Sayaduzzaman [2006] found that The efficiency of working capital management of British American Tobacco Bangladesh CompanyLtd. is highly satisfactory due to the positive cash in flows, planned approach in managing the major elements of working capital. Applications of multi-dimensional models of current assets mix may have positive impact on the continuous growth development of this multinational enterprise. This depends on co-operation of the stakeholders and business environment in the context of globalization. Appuhami, B A Ranjith [2008] found that firms capital expenditure has a significant impact on working capital management. The study also found that the firms operating cash flow, which was recognized as a control variable, has a significant relationship with working capital management. CFO Research Services (a unit of CFO Publishing Corp. ) launched a research program to explore working capital management among midsize and large U. S. companies. [2008] Through a survey and interview program, They sought to understand the relative importance of working capital management, the barriers companies face when they try to improve working capital management, and the steps they take to do so. Pradeep Singh [2008] found that the size of inventory directly affects working capital and its management. Size of the inventory and working capital of Indian Farmers Fertilizer Cooperative Limited (IFFCO) is properly managed and controlled compared to National Fertilizer Ltd. (NFL). Anita Agrawal, S. C. Bansal,[ ] showed that for some of the policy issues of WC, IC and their JV/WOS follow the same practices, while for some of the aspects they have different experiences. Indian firms and their overseas units have same opinion regarding objectives, concepts, frequency of revision of WC policy, determination, experience of shortage of WC and its consequences, reasons of excess WC and impact of environmental factors on WCM. It has been observed that on the whole the basic concepts of WCM remain same irrespective of the location of the firm, however, some differences appear due to distinct size, environment and goodwill of overseas ventures in their respective markets that makes the WCM of these units more complex. Michael J. Peel Nicholas Wilson [ ] indicated that a relatively high proportion of small firms in the sample claimed to use quantitative capital budgeting and working capital techniques and to review various aspects of their companies working capital. In addition, the firms which claimed to use the more sophisticated discounted cash flow capital budgeting techniques, or which had been active in terms of reducing stock levels or the debtors credit period, on average tended to be more active in respect of working capital management practices. 2. 2 financial performances The financial condition of a business organization of a business organization would depend on the resources it owns and the obligations it has to meets. Companies carry out various activities to make profits, and to generate wealth for further growth. Finance is considered as the most important for these activities. The actions of managers have financial consequences for the business firm. Therefore it is imperative that they know the importance of finance functions and their linkage with their own activities. (I. M. pandey, 1997) Hence financial position or condition of the firm should be assessed and future position of the companies should predict. To make the business activities in order to make profit, it would be necessary to keep the financial position favorably. Hence the present study is initiated to predict the financial position of the firms and to find out the linkage between financial position and profitability. Financial statements provide information about the financial positions of an enterprise that is useful to a wide range of users in making economic decisions. (chartered institution,1997) Evaluating the financial performance of the firm, in particular is profitability is required in order to potential changes in the economic resources that it is likely to control in the future. In formation contained in financial statements is organized to enable users of the financial statements to draw conclusions concerning the financial well-being and performance of the reporting entity. In about performance is useful in predicting the capacity of the enterprise to generate cash flows its existing resource base. Information contained in the statement is used by management, creditors, investors and others to form judgment about the operating financial performance and financial position of the firm. Management should be particularly interested in knowing the financial strengths of the firm to make their best performance and to be able to spot out the financial weakness. Each organization should therefore be in position of to repay the debts. In this way financial ratios are useful for assessing the financ

How to Use your Profession to Develop a Writing Niche

How to Use your Profession to Develop a Writing Niche When you become a freelance writer, you can potentially write for numerous websites, blogs and magazines. How you decide which clients to approach depends on the niche you select. Your niche also helps with branding, which enables potential clients to find you. The most effective and engaging articles, blog posts and books are those written If you are passionate about your chosen career, you need look no further than your profession to develop your niche. Start Consider writing styles, too. This is especially important when it comes to length, type and tone of the article. A well-researched, lengthy article is quite different to an anecdotal, humorous one. Some questions to ask yourself in deciding what types of articles to write include: Do you want to motivate readers to join your profession? Do you want to educate the public regarding issues you believe are important? Or do you wish to create a friendly discussion with readers in your industry. Now that you have a list of ideas and styles, you can start looking for work. Firstly, source a few good websites and blogs about writing for a living. Two of my favourites are: Writers in Charge [www.writersincharge.com] and Make a Living Writing [www.makealivingwriting.com]. While you familiarise yourself with the various forms of freelance writing, I highly recommend joining a writing group for support, encouragement and feedback on your progress and your writing. GoodReads.com has many groups one can join including a writing group. There are many writing groups on FaceBook e.g. Freelance Writers [https://www.facebook.com/groups/2351373470/]. Dont have a blog yet? Start one! It helps you refine your niche and test different styles and subjects. It helps you connect with readers and potential clients, and learn what they wish to know. Blogging also provides social proof when you pitch for writing jobs, e.g. The Role of Occupational Therapy in Sleep and Wellness. [huffingtonpost.com/shoshanah-shear/the-role-of-occupational-_b_12673818.html?1477582471] Extending your blogging activity to creating content for client blogs is a wonderful way to earn. Securing a paid opportunity to write a column related to your profession can also position you as an expert in your field. This is a valuable marketing tool for gaining private clients. Lastly, search for websites, magazines and blogs related to your profession. Dont forget the trade magazines! This article of the top ten trade magazines [allyoucanread.com/top-10-trade-magazines/] can give you ideas of what to look for. Though most professional journals do not pay for articles, you might be surprised to find that some do! Trade publications can also provide many ideas for article topics or companies to approach for work. I have found that scouring the adverts in professional journals opens many doors, from providing client contact details to triggering ideas for original content. In summary, writing articles, blog posts or books can provide an interesting addition to your profession. This can become a side income stream or a new way to use your professional knowledge. Most of all, love sharing your professional knowledge with others. Love writing. Love your profession and love knowing what an impact you can have on the lives of others.

25 Synonyms for Story

25 Synonyms for Story 25 Synonyms for â€Å"Story† 25 Synonyms for â€Å"Story† By Mark Nichol So, you’re writing a story? What kind of story? No, don’t unreel the plot for me. Provide some context for the narrative style by telling me what your model is for your tale. This is not about genre, though there may be some overlap; it’s all about the form. Choose from one or more of these words denoting the storytelling technique: 1. Account: a retelling of an event or series of events, sometimes with a connotation of bias or at least subjectivity 2. Anecdote: a short, entertaining story, often involving the person telling it 3. Allegory: a story that expresses ideas about human nature through the actions of stock characters undergoing challenges 4. Annals: historical records of events, generally without subjective annotation 5. Bedtime story: a story read or recited to children before they go to sleep, or anything resembling one at face value or ironically 6. Bildungsroman (German: â€Å"education novel†): a novel that charts the lead character’s psychological development 7. Chronicle (see annals) 8. Exemplum: an anecdote or similar story intended to provide a moral or argue a point 9. Fable: a story with supernatural or imaginary elements (such as anthropomorphic animals), often to make an observation about human nature 10. Fairy tale: a story with improbable elements including magic, often incorporating such formulas as a quest, a granting of three wishes, and triumph over evil forces 11. Folktale: a tale originally passed down orally featuring vague, universal story elements 12. Legend: a story significant to a culture and originally passed down as if it had actually occurred 13. Myth: a putatively factual account from the distant past that figuratively explains a cultural phenomenon 14. Narrative: a relation of factual or fictitious events 15. Novel: a long, complicated story featuring an assortment of characters experiencing a series of events 16. Novelette: a short novel 17. Novella (see novelette) 18. Parable: a short tale that a religious or moral principle 19: Record: (see annals) 20: Roman a clef (French, â€Å"novel with a key†): a story with thinly disguised versions of actual characters and events 21: Short story: a tale shorter than a novel, featuring relatively few characters and focusing less on plot than on mood 22: Short short story: an especially brief story 23: Tall tale: a story intended to entertain through the introduction of exaggerated elements 24: Urban legend/urban myth: a moralistic or sensational story presented and widely perceived as fact 25: Yarn: a story that is adventurous or humorous or both, and perhaps is a tall tale (see â€Å"tall tale,† above) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:5 Uses of Infinitives26 Feel-Good Words30 Words for Small Amounts

SWOT Analysis Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

SWOT Analysis - Term Paper Example At that time the start of the company was poor and it managed to manufacture a car which was known as Toyopet. However, Toyota Company came back strongly into the market in 1965. At that time they manufactured the 90-horsepower Corona sedan which became popular in the market. Since then, the company has been able to manufacture different brands which include; the Corolla, Camry, Toyota trucks, the Lexus luxury brand, Scion and the first gas and electric hybrid Prius (Hino, 2006). Prius was the first worldwide and was manufactured purposely for the 21st century. Among the many consumers of the company, Americans have remained supportive to the company. According to Kurtz, (2008), they have been attracted by the company car’s quality, dependability and its reliability. The company’s mission statement is to be able to sustain growth which is profitable through the provision of perfect customer experience and support in dealership. Toyota Company has several strengths and w eaknesses. The strengths include; Company’s High financial strength; the investment of the company in several factories located in the US and china resulted in increased profits in 2005. This was unique from the well known worldwide trend in the motor industry. The net profits of the company rose rapidly and higher sales were also witnessed. This outstanding performance of the company resulted from Toyota’s right mix of products for all the markets served by the company. The company’s segmentation, targeting and positioning is well focused in several countries worldwide (McCraw, 1997). The second strength of Toyota Company is its popularity as an Industry leader in manufacturing and production. In 2003, Toyota Company became the second largest carmaker in the world with a total of 6.78 million units. The company surpassed its top rivals like Ford which was in the third position. Toyota Company came second after the General Motors’ which had a total of 8.5 9 million units during that period. According to Bohm, (2009), several factors have contributed greatly to the company’s strong position in the industry. These include the range of the company’s product which has remained diversified; the company’s marketing which is well targeted and the continuous commitment of the company to remain lean in its manufacturing business and observation of quality. The company specialty is to make different vehicles of a wider range both for the private customers and other different commercial organizations. Its products include Yaris which consists of both the small and the large trucks. The company is also able to identify and meet different needs of customers through utilization of different marketing techniques. The brand of the company is considered to be a household brand. In addition, different manufacturing approaches which are efficient such as Total Quality Management (TQM) has enable the company to fully maximize its pr ofits. Toyota Company also has certain weaknesses which include; Just in time system, Even though the company’s JIT system is among Toyota’s competitive advantage it can also be classified as a weakness. The JIT depends largely on other systems and this requires all the suppliers to follow what company wants. In case a given supplier fails to meet the quality standards of the company, the whole production process will be interfered with. The company’

Next Generation Science Standards and the Common Core State Standards Essay

Next Generation Science Standards and the Common Core State Standards - Essay Example I believe this will serve a critical role in ensuring students develop ideas and facts through access to various pieces of information. Exposing students to various forms of facts will help them make credible arguments will reliable facts. This will be valuable to the filed of science where students are faced with difficulties of understanding and accumulating facts. The article also talks of the essence of gaining knowledge in the organization of ideas. This is seen as an important factor in the field of science. I believe this is instrumental in teaching and learning. This is because the organization of ideas also helps in an organization of facts. As a result, it will be easy to support each idea with a fact and hence improve student learning and understanding of a particular concept. The use of the two concepts will be useful to the teaching fraternity. The teachers will find it easy in achieving their goals in class. This is because it will be easy for teachers to make various c oncept of science be understood by students. Students will then be able to engage in attentive and close reading of science text. In conclusion, it is clear that learning science is a critical thing. This can only be achieved through a critical approach of various texts in the field. The teachers can improve this understanding by using the two standards together in science classes. The use of two tools together will help students in significant ways.

JFK Assassination Essay Example for Free

JFK Assassination Essay Introduction November 22, 1963 is considered one of the darkest days in the history of the United States. Dealey Plaza in Dallas, Texas was the setting for one of the most horrific moments ever captured on video, in what has become one of the most controversial topics in US history. The assassination of President John F. Kennedy has raised many theories about what exactly happened that day in the fall of 1963. Many wonder if the lone gunmen theory published by The Warren Commission is the truth, or better yet was even possible? Other questions such as why was certain evidence overlooked and in the case of the President’s limousine and clothing, why were they washed and repaired before the proper investigation could be performed on them? Many books have been written on the subject of the JFK assassination, and I in fact would have to end up writing a book just to mention and discuss all of them. Simply to avoid that, I chose to discuss only a few topics and give my own two cents on what could have been done better to investigate the assassination of the 35th President of the United States. I first want to focus on the mishandling of critical evidence that many experts say would easily answer certain questions. For example the mishandling of evidence that might have proven that there was more than one shooter, and where exactly the shots came from. Second, I want to look at how that evidence would have helped in answering those questions and how they may have directed us towards a guilty suspect or suspects. I have heard investigators say that you only get one shot at a crime scene, and once it is gone, you never get a second chance to redo it over ever again. It’s important to keep that in mind as regards to the JFK assassination because the lack of proper investigating is what has lead to there being so many myths about the assassination becoming fact, and the truth slowly being drowned underneath. Obviously, I will not be able to solve this case today, but I’d like to think that if I was given a fair and honest chance to be there in Dealey Plaza on the 22nd of November 1963, I could have provided our country the closure that its been looking for, for over 40 years now. Mishandled Evidence Video footage, eyewitnesses, firearm, bullets and casings, police on the scene during the crime, and most important of all, they immediately had a suspect. So why couldn’t the Dallas police department solve the most infamous murder of the 20th century? Disregarding all of the conspiracy theories and focusing on the crime scene investigation aspect, it seems that this case was all but in the bag when it was dropped into the lap of the Dallas police department. Poor mishandling of evidence seems to be the main contributor as to why so much speculation arises when the JFK assassination topic comes up. A famous picture from that day is of a detective holding up what at first was thought to be a German-made 7.65-caliber Mauser, but was later identified to be an Italian Mannlicher-Carcano 6.5-caliber carbine (Lancer, 1996). The interesting detail in this picture is that the detective is holding the Italian Mannlicher-Carcano with his bare hands. In another photo from that day, a different detective is walking out of the Texas School Book Depository with the rifle in his hand, and again is carrying the rifle with his bare hands. Now obviously since the rifle did belong to Lee Harvey Oswald, the Dallas police department was more than likely able to lift a fingerprint off it. But simple procedures such as the proper handling of evidence is what can make or break an investigation, in this case the Dallas police department choose the latter of the two. In addition, another problem raised by poor mishandling of evidence was the Paraffin tests of Lee Harvey Oswald’s hands and cheek. In his book Reclaiming History, Vincent Bugliosi says that the â€Å"Dallas Police performed a paraffin test on Oswalds hands at the time of his interrogation to determine if he had recently fired a revolver and the results were positive, indicating the presence of nitrates from gunpowder residue on his hands (Bugliosi, 2007). But here’s where the plot thickens, according to an online article written by Pat Speer; earlier in the book Bugliosi said that the Paraffin Test was inconclusive on the grounds that â€Å"the mere handling of a weapon may leave nitrates of the skin, even without firing it† (Speer, 2007, para. 4). Even worse, later on in Pat Speer’s article titled â€Å"Bugliosi Fails the Paraffin Test,† Speers brings up the fact that even though the paraffin tests on Oswalds hands were positive, the tests on Oswalds cheek were negative. My point of all of this is simple; if Oswald did fire a rifle that afternoon, and he did so with the intentions of being deadly accurate, common sense and simple logic tells us that he would have had to put the rifle up to his check in order to fire it accurately at his target. Even with little knowledge of firearms or possessing any skills and or knowledge in using them, we can easily deduce that Oswald or any assassin for that matter would have had some form of gunshot residue on their cheek after accurately firing a rifle at President Kennedy. But the most frustrating and disheartening part of the investigation into the assassination of President Kennedy is the carelessness and maltreatment of the autopsy. After President Kennedy was illegally transported form Parkland hospital in Dallas to Bethesda Naval hospital in Washington, the mishandling evidence and the lack of operating according to procedures by untrained staff and personnel continued. An example of this is that none of the doctors who performed the autopsy were trained on how to trace a bullets trajectory through the human body (Ramsland, 2009). The pathologist, a Naval officer by the name of Commander James J. Humes was ordered not to do a full autopsy, instead he was instructed to find the bullet lodged in President Kennedy’s body (Ramsland, 2009). More mistakes that are outlandish were made as the Commander burned his autopsy notes because they were covered with blood. And after only two hours, which is said to be an incredibly short amount of time for an autopsy, Commander Humes prepared President Kennedy’s body for embalming. Bad photos by an inexperience photographer, and poor X-rays didn’t improve the situation either, examples of this are the photos of the head wound that Kennedy suffered. The pathologist did not shave the hair around the wound; consequently, the photograph of the area had poor visibility and almost no detail. Small and simple mistakes are contagious, and after time can add up into making a big difference. This was proven to be the case on that fateful day in Dallas. Redoing the Crime Scene I have pointed out many of the mistakes that were made during the investigation into the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Some of those mistakes may have been done intentionally; others may have been made on accident, that is a topic of discussion for another paper. The questions now are, could those mistakes have lead to clearing up some of the mysteries surrounding the JFK assassination, and how could they have been corrected. In addition, can modern day technology rise above those mistakes and produce a clear and definitive answer into the JFK assassination. I think we can agree that the mishandling of the rifle and the inconclusiveness of the Paraffin tests are easy mistakes to correct, that’s pretty much CSI 101 stuff. However, the investigation gets tricky as regards to the autopsy and the procedures that needed to followed there. First, trained and experienced pathologists needed to be performing the procedure, and need to perform the full autopsy, y-incision and all. Proper notes and sketches of the procedure need to made and kept on record, as well as the determination of whether a wound is an entrance or exit wound. I bring this point up because Commander Humes was unable to determine which wounds were the exit and which were the entrance wounds (Ramsland, 2009). Appropriate photos of the autopsy need to be taken, and the basic process for taking the photos needs to followed so investigators can work with them later on. An example of this would be the photos of the fatal head shot wound and trying to make any determination from the photos. As I stated earlier, it is near impossible to draw any conclusions because the hair around the wound wasn’t shaven as it was supposed to have been in order to enhance the detail and clarity of the wound. Unfortunately, we cannot go back and rework the crime scene or re-gather evidence in its original form. However, modern science and technology allows us the opportunity to take what evidence we do have and analyze it in ways that weren’t possible back in 1963. Let us take bullet trajectory for example; today, bullet trajectories are often determined and calculated using a computerized simulation to help in reconstruction. This method raises much debate, but at the same time, it has been useful in complicated cases. Whether it would be helpful in this particular case can be debated all day long, but the fact remains that if the initial evidence from 1963 that we have is accurate, than this method of mapping the bullets trajectory is more than likely to deliver us the answers we are looking for. Finally, could new technology help us determine where the bullets came from? Was it the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository, or could the shots have come from the infamous lone gunmen on the grassy knoll? Using new technology, we have the potential of figuring this out by analyzing the bloodstain pattern in the limousine before it was cleaned and repaired. A team of experts brought together by the Discovery Channel has reproduced the JFK assassination. â€Å"Using modern blood spatter analysis, new artificial human body surrogates, and 3-D computer simulations, the team determined that the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository was the most likely origin for the shot that killed the 35th president of the United States† (Bland, 2008, para. 1). Experts simulated the assassination by recreating the scene as close as humanly possible to what happened that day in Dealey Plaza. After the simulation was complete, it was determined that â€Å"most of the simulated body material had spattered forward into the car, consistent with a shot that entered the back of the head and exited toward the front† (Bland, 2008, para. 10). This helps strengthen the theory that Lee Harvey Oswald was the only assassin that day in Dealey Plaza, and that he alone assassinated John F. Kennedy. This type of computer investigation has only been available for close to five years now, it is probable however, that criminologists will keep on making use of 3-dimensional crime scene reconstruction to help recreate events and gather evidence that a 2-dimensional picture alone cannot divulge. Unfortunately for us though, with so many mysteries surrounding the JFK assassination, even when evidence such as this seems to be as hard as concrete, many still f ind it hard to believe. Conclusion It sometimes seems that we will never know what really happened that day in Dallas; too many clouds have surrounded the assassination and made it incredibly difficult to understand the facts about what truly happened that day. Nevertheless, if we ignore the conspiracy theories and simply look at the facts of the case we can conclude that it was mishandled from start to finish. I am no crime scene investigator, but I feel safe in saying that the men who investigated the assassination of John F. Kennedy did a lousy job, and the only good that could ever come from studying their mistakes is using them as example of what not to do. Mishandling of evidence, botched autopsy, and failure to follow in the most basic criminal investigation practices and procedures is what has lead to what should have been an open and shut case, turning into a long drawn out nightmare. We can easily look back and say the investigation should have been done this way, and the autopsy do that way, and that many of the errors that were made were elementary and the motives behind them questionable. However, we cannot go back, and instead of looking to the past for answers, we must look to the future for them. Technology has shed some new light on the investigation of the assassination of John F. Kennedy, and has pointed us in the direction to what more than likely happened that day. As stated earlier, the mystery surrounding the assassination of JFK is unprecedented, and no other case not even the assassination of Julius Caesar has so much secrecy, obscurity, and ambiguity been present. Will we ever know who murdered our former president and how? With the mishandling of the evidence collected back in 1963, it just may turn out that we may truly never know. References Bugliosi, V. (2007). Reclaiming History: Norton, W. W. Company, Inc. Bland, E. (2008, November). Tech puts JFK conspiracy theories to rest. Retrieved October 12, 2009, from http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27705829 Ramsland, K. (2009). The Magic Bullet. Retrieved October 1, 2009, from http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/criminal_mind/forensics/ballistics/4.html?print=yes Speer, Pat. (2007, July). Bugliosi Fails the Paraffin Test. Retrieved October 2, 2009, from http://www.whokilledjfk.net/paraffin_test.htm (1996). Ballistic Evidence. Retrieved October 4, 2009, from http://www.jfklancer.com/photos/Rifle_Bullets/index.html

malcolm x Essay -- essays research papers

Malcolm X was a very interesting and complicated person. Throughout his life, Malcolm had exposure to practically every type of person the world had to offer. In his younger years, he excelled in his community predominately surrounded by whites. He then got into the hustling business within the black community which supplied for all types of people. After that, he joined the Nation of Islam, joining himself with many Muslims. Lastly, Malcolm went on a Hajj to Africa, where his communication with a diverse group of people expanded. Each time Malcolm had a new group of people in his life, he had a different alias to go by. Whichever one is remembered most, Malcolm Little, Malcolm X or El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz, his impact on society will be remembered forever.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gaining information on Malcolm from two different â€Å"texts† really helped in my understanding of him. These two different â€Å"texts† were The Autobiography of Malcolm X and the film Malcolm X: Make it Plain. Both of these pieces were informative in two entirely different ways. In the book, we gained knowledge of Malcolm through his views on various aspects of life. However, in the movie, we gained knowledge of Malcolm from others’ points of views. For me, the film was more helpful because I am more of a visual learner.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Malcolm Little, his birth name, was a very gifted child growing up. He managed to receive straight A’s and become the president of his junior high school. The book got more in depth than the movie in that aspect of his life. For example, the book talked about how Malcolm told his English teacher, Mr. Ostrowski that he wanted to become a lawyer. Even though this teacher encouraged the less intelligent white students to aspire any dreams, he told Malcolm that he would be better off becoming a carpenter. That was a very important part in Malcolm’s young life. It can be considered the turning point of his views with the white community. The movie would not be able to fit all of the information of his childhood that the book displayed. The film gave us an insight on how his brothers and sisters saw life as a young child around Malcolm, a time I am sure they will not forget.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now Malcolm became a hustler on the streets of Harlem, needless to say, that occupation did not last very long. The book gave many details... ...ms felt threatened by Malcolm, he foresaw his own death, stated in both â€Å"texts.† Both pieces told how Malcolm was murdered, but the film was more emotional, because it let us view where the shooting occurred, with people’s views of the incident.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In contrast, the book could not let the reader know everyone’s reactions to this unfortunate death. In the film, we are made aware that both of Malcolm’s brothers, Philbert and Wilfred did not attend his funeral because of the precautions of their own safety. Also, we could see and hear the emotion that people felt when he was assassinated. Another interesting fact obtained from the movie was coincidentally the name of the film; Make it Plain. Prior to coming out to speak, Malcolm always told the speaker before him to â€Å"make it plain† implying that he did not want any special introduction. His half sister, Ella Collins, still goes to bed every night with the idea that â€Å"one day I’ll get even.† Finally, the book failed to show that when Malcolm was buried, his followers shunned away the professional grave diggers to dig up his grave themselves. That alone shows the effect this man had on all that he encountered.

Can Technology Replace Teachers Essay

TV, computers have fully integrated into urban life in many spheres like education, entertainment, and commerce, and therefore, some people consider that the technology such as multimedia teaching would replace teachers in class. I would say this does not sound very convincing because the superiority of the teachers are obvious. The first and most apparent advantage that face-to-face conversation is a vital ability for the environment of the social working is clear. Teachers give students direction to have a good grasp to work in the team or respect each other. It is possible for one to have a video communication with teacher to achieve that, however, the meaning of much of what we say depends on our body language and tone of voice which can not be transmitted by the computers. The interaction between teachers arid students is the core of teaching process. Additionally, it is generally thought that multimedia always connects with Internet which is a double-edged sword. The Internet with innumerable news sources about curriculum let us make the paradox of choice. For instance, we downland a mass of materials for TOEFL tests but do not know which one to start. Teachers play significant roles to guide our study, and they can tell us where we begin with, what we should do, and which reference we should choose, hence their proposal always make a huge difference especially in a brand new discipline. As a facilitator ,teacher can make us learn efficiency. Whats more, students,with low self-control, also easier to indulge in bad or rather faulty information and act on it. Teachers also play significant roles in supervising students. In conclusion, the computer has been widely used in class,it cannot replace the role of teachers who impersonated an essential part of modern education. Nevertheless,multimedia teaching facilitates our education like PPT teaching which can avoid the chalk dust. Teachers can use this trait to mend and consummate our education.

Pabasa Sa Nutrition Essay

Nutrition is recognized as a basic human right, vital to the survival, growth and development of children according to the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). And proper nutrition is a key to having a happy, healthy life, but despite this pronouncement, millions of people around the world suffer from malnutrition and continues to claim millions of lives, with more than 5.5 million children under-five years of age dying annually. (Devpulse, 2008). There were 925 million malnourished people in the world in 2010, an increase of 80 million since 1990, despite the fact that the world already produces enough food to feed everyone (6 billion people) and could feed the double (12 billion people). Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) and micronutrient deficiencies remain the leading nutritional problems in the Philippines which rank eighth in countries who have five million or more undernourished people. There were 15.2 million undernourished people in 2001–2003, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization. This represents the number of people consuming less than the minimum amount of food energy (measured in kilocalories per capita per day) necessary for the average person to stay in good health while performing light physical activity. From 2005 to 2008, there was a significant increase in the proportion of underweight children aged 0-5 from 24.6 percent to 26.2 percent, according to the National Nutrition Survey (NNS). A very high prevalence of underweight preschoolers was noted in Regions IV-B, V, VI, VIII, and IX, where data on the proportion of underweight-for-age children registered at greater than or equal to 30 percent. The status of micronutrient malnutrition is likewise an important concern in the country. According to WHO (2009) the vitamin A status of the country is considered severe subclinical deficiency affecting children 6 months – 5 years (8.2%) and pregnant women (7.1%). Iron deficiency anemia is the most alarming of the micronutrient deficiencies affecting a considerable proportion of infants (56.6%), pregnant women (50.7%), lactating women (45.7%) and male older persons (49.1%). Malnutrition in the Philippines is caused by a host of interrelated factors – health, physical, social, e conomic and others. Food supply and how it is distributed and consumed by the populace have consequent impact on nutritional status. While some reports indicate that there is enough food to feed the country, many Filipinos continue to go hungry and become malnourished due to inadequate intake of food and nutrients. Children are mostly affected not only because of the lack of food. Their lives are also placed at risk by poor feeding and care practices, poor health conditions of pregnant and breastfeeding women, lack of access to health services, and unsanitary conditions. According to 2011 National Nutrition Results, only 52 per cent are breastfed within one hour of delivery; 47 per cent of children 0-6 months are exclusively; 45 per cent of children 6-23 months are breastfed, and fed with adequate and safe nutritious complementary food. Due to the lack of nourishing food and nutrition education, hunger and malnutrition are still dominant in this country. (Food and Agriculture Organization 2011). In fact , these problems have been linked with high rates of poverty and an increasing population growth. Adequate intake of micronutrients is essential for preventing common micronutrient disorders, such as vitamin A and iron deficiencies. According to Aphane et al. (2003), most countries have to improve the micronutrient status of the population by changing practices at the household level and by protecting the nutritional benefits of traditional practices that are eroding because of factors such as urbanisation and modernisation. In addition, according to The Micronutrient Initiative improving and diversifying the food that is eaten by the poor is therefore the most fundamental (though still not comprehensive) approach towards controlling vitamin and mineral deficiency. Unfortunately, it is also the approach that is most dependent on rising incomes. When income increases, people often reduce breastfeeding, stop gathering wild foods and eat fewer green leafy vegetables due to ignorance or poor knowledge of nutrition. Nutrition education and counseling are one of the government’s strategies to combat malnutrition especially in children. The education and counseling practices teach the correct feeding procedures and improving personal knowledge of pediatric areas to improve health care in the Philippines. One of the DOH program to answer malnutrition is through Pabasa sa Nutrition. It is an innovative approach in strengthening the implementation of the five(5) Impact Programs (Home, School and Community Food Production, Micronutrient  Supplementation, Food Fortification, Nutrition Education and Food Assistance) of the Philippine Plan of Action for Nutrition (PPAN). Through Pabasa, mothers are grouped into 10-12 per class informally discussing health and nutrition using behaviorally designed materials developed by the Nutrition Center of the Philippines (NCP). Pabasa is designed to empower women in reducing their family’s vulnerability to malnutrition through the adoption of proper nutrition practices and healthy lifestyles. The NCP provides training and materials for local government units and NGOs that plan to implement Pabasa. Guldan et al (2000) states, nutrition education has shown a significant benefit in increasing nutritional knowledge and improving infant feeding practices amongst mothers who receive nutrition education compared to mothers who do not receive nutrition education. (Ladzani et al. (2000) reported that a nutrition education programme had significantly improved breastfeeding and infant feeding practices in rural areas amongst local women who had been trained. It was also shown that teaching mothers about complementary feeding improved the mother’s knowledge and the children’s diets (Ilett & Freeman, 2004). In addition, Guldan et al. (2000) indicated that children of mothers who received nutrition education had lower rates of anaemia and were significantly heavier and taller than the control group. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The purpose of this study is to assess and determine the effectiveness of Pabasa sa Nutrisyon on the knowledge, attitudes and practices as acquired by the mothers of selected barangays in Hindang, Leyte. Specifically, this study sought answers to the following: 1. Describe the profile of the respondents. a. Age b. No. of children c. Religion d. Highest Educational Attainment e. Estimated Monthly Family Income 2. Identify the level of knowledge through the pretest and post test scores of the respondents on the Pabasa sa Nutrisyon 3. Determine the attitude and practices through actual observation with the use of structured checklist. 4. Draw out implications from the study. Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference between the pre-test and post-test scores of the respondents on the knowledge, attitudes and practices on the Pabasa sa Nutrisyon. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Results of this study would be beneficial to the following institutions and entities, to the mothers so that they will be guided and be informed on the importance of good nutrition for the family, the Barangay Health Worker that they will be guided in collecting data for the nutritional status of their clients thus they will promote conducting Pabasa sa Nutrisyon to guide mothers, The RHU staff and nurses that will be more aware on the proper program to delivered to their clientele, to the Department of Health that the said institution will not only help but endorse and provide funds on the implementation of Pabasa sa Nutrisyon, To NGO’s that it will give them insights of ensuring better nutrition to Filipinos, thus decreasing the rate of malnutrition in our country, and lastly to the future researchers that findings of this study will serve as their baseline to further improve result. To the Department of Health .This study can help the said institution to successfully continue the implementation of the Pabasa sa Nutrisyon. To other Private Agencies. This study will provide them an insight of ensuring better nutrition to Filipinos, thus decreasing the rate of malnutrition in our country. Barangay Health Center. Barangay Health Workers will be guided on the nutritional status of every individual . Through this, they will be able to help conducting Pabasa sa Nutrisyon that will promote good nutrition. To Rhu Staff and Nurses. This study would help the rhu staff and nurses to be responsible in conducting Pabasa sa Nutrisyon. Mothers. This study would also be beneficial to the parents that in a way help them in providing proper guidance and knowledge to their family. Future Researchers. The findings of this study could further serve  as a baseline data for further research. SCOPE AND LIMITATION This study aims to know and focused only on the effectiveness on Pabasa sa Nutrisyon on the knowledge, attitudes and practices acquired by mothers of selected barangays in Hindang Leyte. The participants on Pabasa sa Nutrisyon are mothers residing in selected barangays in Hindang, Leyte, namely, Brgy. Doos del Sur, Brgy.San Vicente, Brgy. Tabok and Brgy. Bontoc. This study also included the demographic profile of the mothers as the intervening variable such as: age, no. of children, religion, highest educational attainment, and estimated monthly income. Moreover, the dependent variable of the study is the knowledge, attitude and practices of mothers. The researchers conducted the study on September 2014 to October 2014. Furthermore this study is limited only to those mothers who participated the Pabasa sa Nutrisyon. The researchers have chosen the following barangays because of the accessibility of each of the researcher to the different barangays. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Energy and Instinct from Psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud viewed each human being as a machine that consumes food, water and oxygen and converts these into energy, which is then expended in both physical and mental work. He proposed that instinctive physiological needs are based within the id. Bodily needs lead to conscious desires and to the behavior necessary to satisfy the need. When the need is satisfied, the organism comes to rest until another need arises. There are individual differences in the means adopted to satisfy each need. Virginia Henderson on her theory of 14 Basic Human Needs viewed health as a quality of life and is very basic for a person to function fully. As a vital need, health requires independence and interdependence. Since health is a multifactor phenomenon, it is influenced by both internal and external factors which play independent and interdependent roles achieving health. She also gave emphasis in prioritizing health promotion as more important care of the sick. Sister Callista Roy’s theory of Adaptation viewed humans as biopsychosocial beings constantly interacting with a changing environment and who cope with their  environment through biophysical adaptive system. This theory focuses on the ability of individual, families, groups, communities, or societies to adapt to change. The degree of internal or external environmental change and the person’s ability to cope with that change is likely to determine the person’s health status. She also proposes that being an open system; the individual is vulnerable to inputs and stimuli from both self and the environment CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Schematic diagram showing the relationship of the variables in the study. The respondent’s demographic profile namely, age, no. of children, religion,highest educational attainment and estimated monthly income are theorized to affect the pre-test scores of the respondents. In our study, the researchers seek to determine the relationship between the pre-test and post-test scores of the respondents after conducting Pabasa sa Nutrisyon. DEFINITION OF TERMS In order to facilitate better understanding of the study, the following terms are defined conceptually and operationally. Pabasa sa Nutrisyon – the mothers are grouped into 10-12 per class informally discussing health and nutrition. Knowledge-a familiarity, awareness or understanding of something. Attitude- is an expression of favor or disfavor toward a person, place, and thing. Practices-the actual application or use of an idea. Mothers- who undergone Pabasa sa Nutrisyon METHODOLOGY This chapter discusses the researcher design, the research locale, the selection of respondents, sample size, data gathering instrument, general procedures and statistical tools that were used. RESEARCH LOCALE This study was conducted in Hindang, Leyte. It is a fifth class Municipality in the province of Leyte. In the north, it boarders with the town of  Inopacan Leyte while it boarders with the town of Hilongos in the south. According to the 2014 projected population, it has 20,868 people with 4184 households. Among 20 barangays of Hindang, Brgy. Pob. 1, Doos del Sur, San Vicente, Tabok and Bontoc were the selected barangays for the study. The researchers selected these areas for accessibility and convenience of the study. These areas are the hometown and were the researchers worked. SELECTION OF RESPONDENT AND SAMPLE SIZE The respondents of the study included all mothers who participated the Pabasa sa Nutrisyon in Four Baragays of Hindang Leyte. The respondents were chosen according to their availability at that time and in the place where the gathering of data was conducted. RESEARCH DESIGN The researchers utilized one group pretest-posttest study which is basic experimental research design. The group administered a pretest with the use of questionnaire composed of multiple choices, true or false and Self-structured questions. Same questionnaire is given for posttest. An analysis of the variables quantitatively was done which served as basis for the interpretation, implications and recommendations that were formulated. RESEARCH PROCEDURE Permission was sought from the barangay chairman of the different barangays. The data were collected by the researchers themselves from September 2014 to October 2014. The respondents were instructed to sign the consent form before answering the questionnaires. They were requested to individually accomplish the pretest questionnaires by writing their chosen answer in the sheet. Another set of questionnaires for the post test were given after three days. Accomplished questionnaires were retrieved by the researchers. RESEARCH INSTRUMENT The questionnaire is composed of three (3) major parts. Part I, elicit data on the profile of the mothers in terms of age, no. of children, religion, highest educational attainment and estimated monthly family income. Part II elicits data from the Pabasa sa Nutrisyon questions to determine the knowledge of the participants. Part III elicits data from the  self-structured questionnaire to determine the attitude and practices of the mothers. A table was made and the respondents were asked to fill in their answers by putting a check mark. Statistical Treatment of Data The data gathered from the questionnaire were analyzed according to their corresponding quantitative equivalents. The responses were also categorized according to the nature of the specified questions asked. The profiles of respondents were analyzed using frequency tally and percentages. The following formula in determining percent was used: P= f/n x 100% where: P – Percent f – frequency n – number of respondents To test for the significant difference on the pre-test and post-test scores of the respondents on the Pabasa sa Nutrisyon. The machine formula follows: (Walpole, 1982: Introduction to Statistics) t=(X Ì…_1-X Ì…_2)/√(S_p (1/n_1 +1/n_2 ) ) All computations and analysis were tested using 5% level of significance.